SO11S Lesson 3 Exam SCORE 95 PERCENT

Question 1

The early sociologist who argued that deviance might be functional for society was:

Question options:

	Max Weber.
	Henri Saint Simon.
	Emile Durkheim.
	Karl Marx.
Question 2

The theory of behavior in which people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant is __________ theory.

Question options:

	conflict
	social control
	strain
	differential association
Question 3

The term white collar crime was coined by sociologist __________ to refer to crimes that people of respectable social status commit in the course of their occupation.

Question options:

	Robert Merton
	Frank Tannenbaum
	Erving Goffman
	Edwin Sutherland
Question 4

Sociologists who view law as an instrument of oppression used to control workers are aligned most with which sociological perspective?

Question options:

	The functionalist perspective
	The conflict perspective
	The symbolic interactionist perspective
	The structuralist perspective
Question 5

The Boy Scouts, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, most civic organizations, and many groups that people join because of mutual interest are all examples of:

Question options:

	voluntary associations.
	bureaucratic alienation.
	bureaucracies.
	informal organizations.
Question 6

Inner and outer controls that work against our tendencies to deviate is known as what theory?

Question options:

	Rationalization theory
	Judgment theory
	Self-control theory
	Control theory
Question 7

Ralph heads up a research team and is known for being narrowly task-focused. Sociologists would probably call Ralph a/an __________ leader.

Question options:

	expressive
	authoritarian
	instrumental
	laissez-faire
Question 8

Erving Goffman used the term __________ to refer to characteristics that discredit people.

Question options:

	master status
	role
	stigma
	sanction
Question 9

How did psychiatrist Thomas Szasz describe mental illness?

Question options:

	He believed mental illness and homelessness were two sides of the same coin.
	He said mental illness was neither mental nor an illness.
	He embraced Freudian psychology as being the best explanation for mental illness.
	He believed mental illness was the cause of most deviance, delinquency, and crime.
Question 10

With respect to group dynamics, what is the defining characteristic of a small group?

Question options:

	All members of the group can interact directly with one another.
	All members of the group are intimately involved with one another.
	It is composed of no more than three members.
	The group is stable.
Question 11

Which sociologist is given credit for coining the concept of the "McDonaldization of Society"?

Question options:

	Jeffrey Reiman
	Douglas Massey
	Howard Winet
	George Ritzer
Question 12

What are the two most significant "anchoring devices" that insulate a person from a life of crime and imprisonment?

Question options:

	A good lawyer and big expense account
	Neighborhood and income
	Race and ethnicity
	Marriage and education
Question 13

John desires the best things in life – a fast car, designer clothes, and membership in exclusive clubs. But rather than work his way through the system, he has discovered he can have all these things by selling crack cocaine in the inner city. How would Merton classify John?

Question options:

	A ritualist
	An anarchist
	A rebel
	An innovator
Question 14

How groups influence individuals and how individuals affect groups is referred to as:

Question options:

	the Hawthorne Effect.
	social solidarity.
	group dynamics.
	small group phenomenon.
Question 15

Napoleon Chagnon's visit to the Yanomamö tribe, where he observed tribe members appearing naked in public, using hallucinogenic drugs, and letting mucus hang from their noses, is a good example of:

Question options:

	nonconforming behavior.
	the need for social sanctions.
	the cultural relativity of deviance.
	the need for absolute standards in defining deviance.
Question 16

Explanations for deviance that focus on genetic predispositions to explain why individuals commit deviant acts are most aligned with which discipline?

Question options:

	Sociobiology
	Sociology
	Psychology
	Anthropology
Question 17

In The Scarlet Letter, why was Hester Prynne required to wear a scarlet "A" on her dress?

Question options:

	Sociologically, this served as a negative sanction and an example of shaming.
	Psychologically, it provided her the opportunity to face what she had become.
	It indicated she was at the head of her class in what she had done.
	It was a "badge of honor" that many other women wished they could achieve.
Question 18

The crime with the highest increase among women between 1992 and 2010 was:

Question options:

	drug offenses.
	drunk driving.
	bank robbery.
	murder.
Question 19

What is meant by the term "hidden" corporate culture?

Question options:

	The values and beliefs of the corporation that shape employees' attitudes
	The tendency to promote individuals to their level of incompetence
	An organization's tendency to shift goals to perpetuate its existence
	The placement of minorities in highly visible but powerless positions
Question 20

Samantha works for an organization that is hierarchical and has a division of labor, written rules, communications and records, one in which the administration treats workers impersonally. Based on these characteristics, we can conclude that Samantha works for a(n):

Question options:

	nonprofit organization.
	voluntary association.
	bureaucracy.
	oligarchy.